The Whites in the Civil War were composed of which groups?

• A. Monarchists, liberals, and nationalists.
• B. Bolsheviks.
• C. Foreign troops exclusively.
• D. Peasant militias only.

Answer: (A)

The White movement was a broad anti-Bolshevik coalition built from several conservative and nationalist strands. It brought together monarchists who wanted the tsarist system restored, liberals who favored constitutional government and opposed Bolshevik one-party rule, and nationalists in various regions who sought independence or strong regional governance apart from Bolshevik control. This mix included aristocrats and former Imperial Army officers, conservatives, landowners, some peasants, and regional nationalist groups. They fought the Bolshevik Red Army but were not a single, unified political program, which is why they’re described as a coalition of monarchists, liberals, and nationalists. Foreign intervention opponents did participate alongside, but they were not the composition of the Whites themselves; many Russians fought under White banners, not just foreign troops.